ENERGY OPTIONS

Complete removal of fossil fuels from the global economy removes three quarters of global greenhouse emissions. Electrification of everything (transport, heating and industry) requires doubling or tripling electricity production, depending on the size of the chemical industry in a particular country and the amount of synthetic aviation fuel required.

Land requirements are modest: complete solar electrification of everything (and removal of all fossil fuels) requires about 100 m2 of solar panels per person. These panels can be located on rooftops, in arid areas, in conjunction with agriculture and floating on water bodies.

Solar PV and wind reached 840 and 825 GW respectively. They must do the heavy lifting to mitigate climate change since that are by far the leading clean generation technologies in terms of global annual additions. They have unlimited energy resources in the form of sun and wind. Although there are supply chain bottlenecks from time to time, these are primarily symptoms of rapid growth, and are soon resolved by growth in production of materials or substitution of other materials. About 80 Terawatts of solar & wind is required to decarbonize the globe, which can be achieved by 2050 at current annual growth rates.

Hydro generation capacity reached 1360 GW and new capacity is averaging 20 GW per year. Since the number of rivers available for damming is finite, hydro cannot become a major player in global electricity markets. However, Pumped Hydro Energy Storage has a dominant role to play in balancing variable solar and wind.

According to the World Nuclear Association, over the past decade operational global nuclear capacity rose slightly to 390 GW and global nuclear generation declined slightly to 2.6 TWh. Thus, the nuclear industry is stagnant and is falling behind solar and wind energy generation.

Bio energy is a destructive form of energy generation except when genuine waste is utilized. The poor outlook of bio energy comes down to the miserable efficiency of biological capture of solar energy, in the range 0.1-1%, which is 20-200 times less than the efficiency of solar PV. Bio competes with food production and ecosystems for land, water, pesticides and fertilizers.

Solar thermal, geothermal and ocean energy have largely failed in the global marketplace and make trivial contributions to global generation except in a few places.

RENEWABLE LEADERS

Renewables capacity deployment (new Watts per person in 2021) is shown in Figure 2. Norway, Netherlands, Sweden and Australia are ahead of the pack.

Figure 2: renewables deployment speed per person

Australian is a special case. Australian solar energy is much better than in Europe. Furthermore, Australia is physically isolated from neighboring countries, and cannot share variable solar and wind electricity across national boundaries. Australia is learning to cope with high levels of solar and wind and is finding the task to be much easier than anticipated.

SOUTH AUSTRALIA, GLOBAL LEADER

The state of South Australia (population 1.7 million) is perhaps the globally leading GW-scale solar/wind dominated grid. Its electricity comes mostly from solar & wind (70%) with supplementation from fossil gas and a small fraction (~1%) of net imports/exports. The South Australia grid displays excellent stability and has wholesale spot market electricity prices that are amongst the lowest in Australia.

In the first week of February, South Australia derived 89% of its electricity from solar and wind (Figure 3). The solar/wind fraction regularly exceeds 100% over the course of 24 hours and has reached 136% for a short period. The rooftop solar fraction exceeds 85% at times.

Figure 3: South Australia generation (MW) in the first week of February; solar=yellow, wind=green, gas=orange, imports=purple, blue=battery

South Australia is weakly connected to the other states. Transmission capacity is ~0.9 GW compared with average and peak demand of 1.6 GW and 3.2 GW respectively. South Australia hosts about 0.3 GW of batteries, and this is expected to rapidly increase. Four synchronous condensers have been installed. South Australian solar and wind is expected to average more than 100% by 2025, which coincides with the doubling of transmission capacity to the eastern states.

-----

This thought leadership article was originally shared with Energy Central's Clean Power Community Group. The communities are a place where professionals in the power industry can share, learn and connect in a collaborative environment. Join the Clean Power Community today and learn from others who work in the industry.

-----