The Swedish Energy Agency has now awarded the partners SEK99 million to put towards building an electrically powered non-nuclear prototype SEALER at Oskarshamn for testing and verifying materials and technology in an environment of molten lead at high temperatures.

Austrian oil company OMV is one of Russian gas giant Gazprom's partners in the pipeline project connecting Russia to Germany, which has been completed but is not yet operational as it is awaiting German and EU regulatory approval.

During 2021, twenty five of the region's leading banks collectively provided $55 billion to energy companies planning to expand oil and gas production,

The time is right for a nuclear renaissance in France, Macron said, adding he had made two important decisions regarding this.

Solar energy capacities should reach a capacity over 100 gigawatt by 2050, while off-shore wind capacity should grow to 40 gigawatt from virtually zero at the moment.

The proposed transaction would bring together GE's nuclear steam turbine technology and services expertise, with EDF strengthening its commitment to the nuclear power sector,

Stocks were now at 35%-36%, under the "critical level" of 40%, which the German government deems is necessary to withstand seven straight days of an extreme cold snap.

The Joint European Torus (JET) is the largest and most powerful operational tokamak machine, where temperatures can reach levels 10 times hotter than the centre of the sun.

European Commission Vice President Josep Borrell said Russia was using Europe's reliance on its energy exports for "geopolitical gain in the middle of a surge of energy prices worldwide."

She did acknowledge, however, that Gazprom was fulfilling its contracts, "but only at the bottom end of its commitments."

The UK HPR1000 is the Hualong One design that General Nuclear Services (GNS) - a subsidiary of EDF and China General Nuclear (CGN) - proposes to use at a prospective new nuclear power plant in Bradwell, England.

Utsira Nord has an offshore wind potential of 1.5 GW (the other area, Sørlige Nordsjø II, has a potential of 3 GW).

"Aside from a few additional Bcms which could be squeezed out of (mainly LNG) exporters -- probably only on an emergency basis -- there is no substantial, immediately available gas which could compensate for any significant interruption of Russian gas supplies,"

The Commission said that, after taking account of scientific advice and current technological progress, it considers there is a role for private investment in gas and nuclear activities in the transition.

In January 2021, Azerbaijan started commercial gas supplies to Europe via the Trans-Adriatic Pipeline, which entered operations in November 2020.