Lithium, which, after a refining process, is used to produce cathode materials for lithium batteries, is currently produced almost entirely outside the United States.

Growth in OPEC and non-OPEC oil production—most notably production in the United States— keeps the Brent crude oil price in our forecast lower on an annual average basis in 2023 than in 2022. Brent crude oil price will begin rising in 2H23.

Risks over existing gas supplies from Russia will continue through the coming months, with just one pipeline route open to the biggest European customers.

Currently, the most expensive form of generation -- gas -- sets the price for all electricity that’s sold into the market. That means consumers are bearing the brunt of Russia’s supply cuts to the continent. It also means Europe isn’t feeling much of the benefit of low-cost renewables like wind farms, which get to sell at big margins.

Just eliminating fossil fuel alone is a tall order -- 22 percent of the current generating mix is coal and 38 percent is natural gas. Half of the generation will, in theory, go offline while demand for electricity soars.

This €200bn package is expected to include a €96bn subsidy scheme which was introduced earlier in October 2022.

The REPowerEU plan, which aims to end the EU’s dependence on Russian fossil fuels and tackle the climate crisis, will seek to raise the share of renewables in the region’s final energy consumption to 45% by 2030.

The Brent crude oil spot price averages $93 per barrel (b) in the fourth quarter of 2022 (4Q22) and $95/b in 2023.

To take the group private, the French government will spend €9.7bn, including transaction costs.

European countries should guard against distorting the common market with billions in state support and must maintain a level playing field

Germany is rushing to minimize the impact of surging energy costs after Russia curtailed supplies of natural gas in retaliation for sanctions imposed after its invasion.

The cap must cover all market revenues of producers and intermediaries participating in electricity wholesale markets, "regardless of the market timeframe in which the transaction takes place and of whether the electricity is traded bilaterally or in a centralized marketplace," the text said.

The European Commission aims to publish Sept. 28 a document detailing future steps to ease volatility and increase trading volume in energy markets after surging prices led to ballooning margin calls

In 2021, solar and wind accounted for nearly 20% of installed capacity in India, with respectively 49 GW and 40 GW. The country aims to develop 175 GW of renewable capacity by the end of 2022, including 100 GW of solar.

Benchmark futures jumped as much as 10% for a second day of gains. In the latest move to ensure supply, Germany said it will nationalize Uniper SE and avert a collapse of the energy sector with winter just days away.